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The July Theses ((ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Tezele din iulie)) is a name commonly given to a speech delivered by Romanian leader Nicolae Ceaușescu on July 6, 1971, before the Executive Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). Its full name was ''Propuneri de măsuri pentru îmbunătățirea activității politico-ideologice, de educare marxist-leninistă a membrilor de partid, a tuturor oamenilor muncii'' ("Proposed measures for the improvement of political-ideological activity, of the Marxist-Leninist education of Party members, of all working people"). This quasi-Maoist〔Cioroianu, p. 489.〕〔Liiceanu, p. xviii.〕〔Tismăneanu, p. 241〕 speech marked the beginning of a "mini cultural revolution"〔〔Verdery, p. 107.〕〔Cioroianu, p. 489–92.〕 in Communist Romania, launching a Neo-Stalinist〔Tismăneanu, p. 242.〕 offensive against cultural autonomy, a return to the strict guidelines of socialist realism and attacks on non-compliant intellectuals. Strict ideological conformity in the humanities and social sciences was demanded. Competence and aesthetics were to be replaced by ideology; professionals were to be replaced by agitators; and culture was once again to become an instrument for political-ideological propaganda.〔Bozóki, p. 57.〕 In their final version of early November 1971, publicized as an official document of the PCR Plenum, the Theses carried the title: ''Expunere cu privire la programul PCR pentru îmbunătățirea activității ideologice, ridicarea nivelului general al cunoașterii și educația socialistă a maselor, pentru așezarea relațiilor din societatea noastră pe baza principiilor eticii și echității socialiste și comuniste'' ("Exposition regarding the PCR programme for improving ideological activity, raising the general level of knowledge and the socialist education of the masses, in order to arrange relations in our society on the basis of the principles of socialist and communist ethics and equity").〔 ==Background== After a period of rigid Stalinism from 1948, Romanian cultural life experienced a modest trend of liberalisation and ideological relaxation in the early 1960s.〔〔Keith Hitchins, "Historiography of the Countries of Central Europe: Romania", ''The American Historical Review'', Vol. 97, No. 4. (Oct. 1992), p. 1081.〕〔Tismăneanu, pp. 223–42.〕 This trend accelerated with the IXth Congress of the Romanian Communist Party in 1965.〔〔 ("Memoria comunismului. Fondul ISISP din Biblioteca Centrală Universitară din București" ("The Memory of Communism. The ISIP Fund at the Central University Library in Bucharest") ).〕 A talented oppositional generation of writers emerged: Nichita Stănescu, Ana Blandiana, Gabriel Liiceanu, Nicolae Manolescu, Adrian Păunescu, and others.〔Bozóki, p. 56〕 Furthermore, at the April 1968 Central Committee plenum, Ceaușescu denounced his predecessor Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej and rehabilitated Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, executed just two days before Ceaușescu joined the Politburo (thus allowing him to claim innocence and to demote a key rival, Alexandru Drăghici).〔Cioroianu, pp. 397–9.〕〔Deletant, p. 182.〕〔Tismăneanu, pp. 157–8.〕 This opened up even more space for artistic expression. Eugen Barbu's novel ''Principele'' ("The Prince", 1969), though set in the Phanariot era, clearly refers to Gheorghiu-Dej — there is even a project to build a canal that claims many of its builders' lives (a disguised reference to the Danube-Black Sea Canal). In Dumitru Radu Popescu's novel ''F'', abuses committed during collectivisation are explored. Augustin Buzura's novel ''Absenții'' ("The Absent Ones", 1970) went so far as to provide a critique of contemporary society, describing the spiritual crisis of a young doctor.〔 To be sure, censorship remained in place. Alexandru Ivasiuc and Paul Goma had both been imprisoned for their participation in the Bucharest student movement of 1956, and each wrote a novel about a man's prison experiences and efforts to readjust after his release. Goma's ''Ostinato'' describes prison life, Securitate methods and the excesses of collectivisation. The censor asked for changes; eventually Goma published the book uncut in West Germany in the fall of 1971. Ivasiuc, in his ''Păsările'' ("The Birds"), complied with the censor's demands by justifying the protagonist's arrest and portraying the secret police in a positive light. Nevertheless, most writers were optimistic that the Party would tolerate a broader range of themes in creative literature.〔Deletant, pp. 182–3.〕 A thaw in relations with the United States, chief adversary of the Communist bloc during the Cold War, also took place and brought with it an impact on citizens' lives. A Pepsi-Cola factory opened in Constanța in 1967, its product promoted in the press through American-style advertisements. The slogan "Pepsi, drive and energy" ran regularly in newspapers that just a few years earlier made no mention of Western products. Coca-Cola was not produced domestically, but could be found in bars and "Comturist shops", stores with a restricted clientele where Western goods could be purchased in hard currency. In 1968, the first student bar/club opened in Bucharest; a writer for ''Viața Studențească'' described "low tables, discreet light... chewing gum and cigarettes, Pepsi and Coca-Cola, mechanical games, billiards... plus a few hours of interesting discussions. Here is why the club bar appears as an answer to a natural need for communication, for exchanging ideas and clashing opinions... in a relaxed atmosphere".〔Barbu, p. 169.〕 Modern American art, harshly criticised during the period of socialist realism, began to receive favourable coverage, as seen during an exhibition ("American painting since 1945") that opened in early 1969, featuring work by artists such as Jackson Pollock, Robert Rauschenberg and James Rosenquist.〔Barbu, pp. 169-70.〕 Even the US government received praise: President Richard Nixon's world tour of 1969 was closely followed,〔Barbu, p. 170.〕 and the moon landing that July featured in advertisements, was broadcast live (in Eastern Europe, only Yugoslavia did so as well), and occasioned warm greetings from Ceaușescu to Nixon and the American people.〔Barbu, p. 171.〕 Probably the high point of Romanian-American relations during the Communist period came early the following month, when tens of thousands of enthusiastic Bucharesters welcomed Nixon, who became the first US President to visit an Eastern Bloc country.〔Barbu, p. 172.〕 Writing over three decades later, Sorin Preda, who arrived in Bucharest from Bacău as an 18-year-old in 1970, recalled the cultural scene: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「July Theses」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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